The contemporary information environment has emerged as a contested strategic domain in which cognition, emotion, identity, and algorithmic systems interact to shape beliefs, attitudes, and behavior at unprecedented scale. Yet existing theoretical accounts remain fragmented across disciplinary boundaries. Cyberpsychology has generated substantial insights into online identity, deindividuation, and digital cognition; strategic communication (StratCom) has developed sophisticated approaches to message design, influence, and campaign management; while information-warfare scholarship has documented computational propaganda, coordinated inauthentic behavior, and cognitive-domain operations. What remains insufficiently developed is an integrative psychological account explaining how these processes interact within algorithmically mediated environments to produce, sustain, and amplify strategic influence. This paper addresses that theoretical gap by introducing the Cyberpsychological Theory of Communication (CTC), an integrative framework that conceptualizes strategic influence as an emergent process arising from the interaction of five domains: Cognition, Emotion, Identity, Algorithm, and Environment (CEIAE). These domains operate within a recursive feedback structure termed the Cyber-Cognitive Influence Cycle (CCIC), in which environmental conditions shape algorithmic exposure, exposure activates cognitive and affective processes, identity influences interpretation and response, behavioral engagement generates new informational signals, and those signals feed back into subsequent algorithmic exposure and belief formation. Drawing on established research in cyberpsychology (Van Bavel & Pereira, 2018; Reicher et al., 1995), misinformation psychology (Pennycook & Rand, 2021; Ecker et al., 2022), computational propaganda (Woolley & Howard, 2018), and strategic communication theory (Hallahan et al., 2007), the paper develops CTC's foundational propositions, formal process model, and empirically testable hypotheses. To support systematic validation, it proposes a multi-phase mixed-methods research program integrating computational trace analysis, cross-national survey research, controlled experimentation, and structural equation modeling. The paper concludes by translating CTC into an applied framework for countering information-warfare and influence operations, arguing that effective resilience requires interventions calibrated across cognitive, affective, identity-based, algorithmic, and environmental mechanisms rather than interventions targeting any single domain in isolation. CTC is therefore advanced as a theoretical foundation for an interdisciplinary research program at the intersection of cyberpsychology, strategic communication, computational influence, and information-warfare studies.